!3.14 Mononucleosis (Glandular Fever)
Presentation
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The patient is usually of school age (nursery through night school) and
complains of several days of fever, malaise, lassitude, myalgias, and
anorexia, culminating in a severe sore throat. The physical examination is
remarkable for generalized lymphadenopathy, including the anterior and
posterior cervical chains and huge tonsils, perhaps meeting in the midline and
covered with a dirty-looking exudate. There may also be palatal petechiae and
swelling, splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, and a diffuse maculopapular rash.
What to do:
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* Perform a complete physical examination, looking for signs of other
ailments, and the rare complication of airway obstruction, encephalitis,
hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenic purpura, myocarditis, pericarditis,
hepatitis, and rupture of the spleen.
* Send off blood tests: a differential white cell count (looking for
atypical lymphocytes) and a heterophil or monospot test. Either of these
tests, along with the generalized lymphadenopathy, confirms the diagnosis
of mononucleosis, but atypical lymphocytes are less specific, being present
in several viral infections.
* Culture the throat. Patients with mononucleosis harbor group A
streptococcus and require penicillin with about the same frequency as
anyone else with a sore throat.
* Warn the patient that the convalescence is longer than that of most viral
illnesses (typically 2-4 weeks, occasionally more), and that he should seek
attention in case of lightheadedness, abdominal or shoulder pain,or any
other sign of the rare complications above.
* Despite controversy, prednisolone is widely employed for symptomatic
relief of infectious mononucleosis, usually 40mg of Prednisone qd for five
days. It is particularly helpful in young adults with severe pharyngeal
pain, odynophagia or marked tonsillar enlargement with impending
oropharyngeal obstruction.
* Arrange for medical followup.
What not to do:
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* Do not routinely give penicillin for the pharyngitis, and certainly do not
give ampicillin. In a patient with mononucleosis, ampicillin can produce an
uncomfortable rash, which, incidentally, does not imply allergy to
ampicillin.
* Do not unnecessarily frighten the patient about splenic rupture. If the
spleen is clinically enlarged, he should avoid contact sports, but
spontaneous ruptures are rare.
Discussion
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All of the above probably apply to cytomegalovirus as well, although the
severe tonsillitis and positive heterophil test are both less likely. Some who
report having mono twice probably actually had CMV once and mono once.
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