!1.09 Polymyalgia Rheumatica
Presentation
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An elderly patient (more commonly female) complains of a week or two of
morning stiffness, which may interfere with her ability to rise from bed, but
improves during the day. She may ascribe her problem to muscle weakness or
joint pains, but physical examination discloses that symmetrical pain and
tenderness of neck, shoulder, and hip muscles are the actual source of any
"weakness." There may be some mild arthritis of several peripheral joints, but
the rest of the physical examination is negative.
What to do:
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* Perform a complete history and physical examination, particularly of the
cervical and lumbar spines and nerve roots (strength, sensation, and deep
tendon reflexes in the distal limbs should be intact with PMR). Confirm the
diagnosis of PMR by palpating tender shoulder muscles (perhaps also hips,
and, less commonly, neck).
* Confirm the diagnosis by obtaining an erythrocyte sedimentation rate,
which should be in the 30-l00mm/hour range. (An especially high ESR, over
100/hour suggests more severe autoimmune disease or malignancy.)
* Mild and borderline cases may respond with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory
medications (ibuprofen, naproxen). More severe cases will respond to
prednisone 20-60mg qd within a week or two, after which the dose should be
tapered. Failure to respond to corticosteroid therapy suggests some other
diagnosis.
* Explain the syndrome to the patient and arrange for followup.
What not to do:
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* Do not miss temporal arteritis, a common component of the polymyalgia
rheumatica syndrome, and a clue to the existence of ophthalmic and cerebral
arteritis, which can have dire neurological consequences. Palpate the
temporal arteries for tenderness, swelling, or induration, and ask about
transient neurological signs.
* Do not postpone diagnosis or treatment of temporal arteritis pending
results of a temporal artery biopsy showing giant cell arteritis. The
lesion typically skips areas, making biopsy an insensitive diagnostic
procedure.
Discussion
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Stiffness, pain, and weakness are common complaints in older patients, but
polymyalgia rheumatica may respond dramatically to treatment. Rheumatoid
arthritis produces morning stiffness, but is usually present in more
peripheral joints, and without muscle tenderness. Polymyositis is usually
characterized by increased serum muscle enzymes with a normal ESR, and may
include a skin rash (dermatomyositis). Often, a therapeutic trial of
prednisone helps make the diagnosis.
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