____________________
PUMP UP THE VOLUME
Nicolas Herry
____________________
2017/12/27
1 Pump up the volume
====================
I had an itch to scratch this morning: I wanted to play a bit with
functions in the Korn Shell. After all, it's one of the reasons I
decided to switch from the `tcsh' earlier this year. Then, I realised
it's been a million years since I've written any shell, and even more
so that I've read some `ksh' code. So, how does this work again? Below
is a simple and quick memento on the very basics of `ksh' programming.
1.1 Declaring a function
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
This is as easy as:
,----
| function M {
| echo "mixer"
| }
`----
Alternatively, a function can be declared in a C-style form:
,----
| M() {
| echo "mixer"
| }
`----
There really is no difference between the two styles in terms of
functionalities.
1.2 Piping to a function
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Piping to a function is as easy as asking the function to read from
standard input. This can be done as follows:
,----
| function A {
| read stdin
| }
`----
1.3 Comparing strings
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Since `ksh' is POSIX-compliant, it implements the complete set of
regex matching plumbing (and then some more, as I've discovered). A
simple check goes like this:
,----
| function R {
| read stdin
| pattern='.*:$'
| vols=""
|
| if [[ $stdin =~ $pattern ]]; then
| # ...
| }
`----
1.4 Playing with numbers
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
This is another spot where I believe `ksh' goes beyond what is
required by the POSIX standard. You can do any of the four basic
operations, as well as more advanced stuff, like bit-shifting or
bitwise logic. Anyting between `$((' and `))' is considered to be an
arithmetic expression. Here's an example:
,----
| function R {
| # ...
| if [[ $stdin =~ $pattern ]]; then
| volr=$(($RANDOM & 15));
| vols="${stdin}+${volr}";
| else
| voll=$(($RANDOM & 15));
| vols="${stdin} +${voll}:";
| fi
|
| echo $vols
| }
`----
The interesting bit is the `&', which is the same operator you find in
languages like C. Note that the Korn shell also provides an easy way
to generate pseudo-random numbers via the usage of the reserved
`$RANDOM' variable.
1.5 Capturing the output of a command
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Capturing the ouput of a variable is done very intuitively:
,----
| function S {
| read stdin
| result=$($stdin)
| echo $result
| }
`----
1.6 Making it all available
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
To make your functions available to both your scripts and your
interactive sessions, it is generally recommended you either group
them in a nice set of files that would contitute a library, or give
them each their own file. Place these files somewhere in your home (I
would go for `~/functions', to go with `~/bin') and edit both `PATH'
and `FPATH', in `~/.kshrc' or `~/.profile' to include this directory:
,----
| # ~/.kshrc
| # ...
| # ...
| PATH=$PATH:~/functions; export PATH
| FPATH=$FPATH:~/functions; export PATH
`----
1.7 Putting it together
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
The last bit of advice I would give would be that when you lose
patience, you don't lose your sense of humour. For example, if you've
been paying attention ot the examples, you have already noticed that
the complete set of functions goes like this:
,----
| function M {
| echo "mixer"
| }
|
| function A {
| read stdin
| echo "$stdin vol"
| }
|
| function R {
| read stdin
| pattern='.*:$'
| vols=""
|
| if [[ $stdin =~ $pattern ]]; then
| volr=$(($RANDOM & 15));
| vols="${stdin}+${volr}";
| else
| voll=$(($RANDOM & 15));
| vols="${stdin} +${voll}:";
| fi
| echo $vols
| }
|
| function S {
| read stdin
| result=$($stdin)
| echo $result
| }
`----
But how is this funny in any way? Simply because I can now do the
following in a shell:
,----
| $ M|A|R|R|S
| Setting the mixer vol from 5:5 to 18:16.
| $
`----
Yes, I can type `M|A|R|R|S' and [Pump up the volume][1]. I know.
[Pump up the volume] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v%3Dw9gOQgfPW4Y
Footnotes
_________
[1] Well, a friend of mine didn't find this funny at all, but she can
get lost on another planet. As I've heard, Mar(r)s needs women anyway.